history of computer n etwork The history of computer networks is vast, so we will discuss different generations of computer networks according to their timeline In his paper "Information Flow in Large Communication Nets" , Leonard Kleinrock introduced the notion of ARPANET (one of the early computer networks) in 1961 . The telephone network was the most powerful network on the planet at the time. The telephone network transmits data from a sender to a receiver using circuit switching , which is a suitable choice given that voice is transferred at a consistent pace between sender and receiver. Leonard Kleinrock published the first work on packet switching methods. Kleinrock's work neatly illustrated the efficiency of the packet-switching strategy employing queuing theory for busy traffic sources. At the same time, Paul Baran began researching the use of packet switching for secure voice-over military...
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Outer Space Outer space , commonly shortened to space , is the expanse that exists beyond Earth and its atmosphere and between celestial bodies . Outer space is not completely empty; it is a near-perfect vacuum [1] containing a low density of particles, predominantly a plasma of hydrogen and helium , as well as electromagnetic radiation , magnetic fields , neutrinos , dust , and cosmic rays . The baseline temperature of outer space, as set by the background radiation from the Big Bang , is 2.7 kelvins (−270 °C ; −455 °F ). [2] The plasma between galaxies is thought to account for about half of the baryonic (ordinary) matter in the universe, having a number density of less than one hydrogen atom per cubic metre and a kinetic temperature ...