المشاركات

صورة
history of computer n etwork The history of computer networks is vast, so we will discuss different generations of computer  networks according to their timeline In his paper  "Information Flow in Large Communication Nets" , Leonard Kleinrock introduced the notion of  ARPANET  (one of the early computer networks) in  1961 . The telephone network was the most powerful network on the planet at the time. The telephone network transmits data from a sender to a receiver using  circuit switching , which is a suitable choice given that voice is transferred at a consistent pace between sender and receiver. Leonard Kleinrock  published the first work on  packet switching  methods.  Kleinrock's  work neatly illustrated the efficiency of the  packet-switching  strategy employing queuing theory for busy traffic sources. At the same time, Paul Baran began researching the use of packet switching for secure  voice-over military...
صورة
    Outer Space   Outer space , commonly shortened to  space , is the expanse that exists beyond  Earth  and  its atmosphere  and between  celestial bodies . Outer space is not completely empty; it is a  near-perfect vacuum [1]  containing a low density of particles, predominantly a  plasma  of  hydrogen  and  helium , as well as  electromagnetic radiation ,  magnetic fields ,  neutrinos ,  dust , and  cosmic rays . The baseline  temperature  of outer space, as set by the  background radiation  from the  Big Bang , is 2.7  kelvins  (−270  °C ; −455  °F ). [2] The  plasma between galaxies  is thought to account for about half of the  baryonic (ordinary) matter  in the universe, having a  number density  of less than one  hydrogen atom  per  cubic metre  and a  kinetic temperature  ...